Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2014 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 14 Articles
The chronomodulated drug delivery system is widely used for treatment of diseases occurs due to circadian changes in the body the body. This system is aims to release drugs at a programmed pattern i.e. at appropriate time and/or atappropriate site of action. It provide the scope for controlled release dosage form formulation which has significant therapeutic importance. It release the drug at desire time as per physiological need of disease and it also improved the therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Ideally such systems aim to match drugrelease rate to a biological requirement of a given diseasetherapy and thus to manage the disease while minimizing treatment�s side effects. In this review the techniques used for formulation of this system are given....
Ocular inserts of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were prepared with the aim of achieving once a day administration. Drug reservoir was prepared using sodium CMC while rate controlling membrane was prepared using Eudragit RS100 and RL100. Ocular inserts were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, percent moisture loss, and percent moisture absorption. The in vitro drug release studies were carried out using Bi-chambered donar receiver compartment model. In vitro drug release kinetic data was treated according to Zero, First, and Higuchi kinetics to access the mechanism of drug release. At the end of 24th hr. in-vitro percentage drug release was obtained for the formulations RF1 was % 46.02 and for RF5 was 98.23%. The drug release from the formulation RF5 (Eudragit RS and RL 100 (1:1)) was 98.23 % at the end of 24th hour which was available as controlled and prolonged. In Kors meyer peppas, n value in optimized batch (RF5) was observed 1.399 which indicated super case II transport occur. All physical parameters evaluated were satisfactory. So formulation RF5 was selected as the best formulation....
The aim of the present work was formulation and evaluation of in situ gelling system of Neomycin sulphate Neomycin sulphate for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis is 1 or 2 drops of 0.5% solution(3.5 mg) in the affected eyes for every 3 to 4 hours up to 4 times for days. A combination of carbopol and methyl cellulose, sodium alginate was investigated as a vehicle for the formulation of eye drops of Neomycin sulphate (0.5%) to form gel when instilled into the eye to provide sustained release of the drug to improve the patient compliance by reducing the frequency of administration. The formulated Neomucin sulphate ocular in-situ gel were then evaluated for Visual appearance and clarity, pH of formulation, Rheological study, Adhesive study, Gelling capacity, Drug content, In vitro drug release, Sterility test, Stability study. The in vitro drug release studies were carried out using Bi-chambered donar receiver compartment model. In vitro drug release kinetic data was treated according to Zero, First, and Higuchi kinetics to access the mechanism of drug release. Formulation NF5, NF6, NF9, NF11 and NF12 showed sustained drug release for a period of 10 hour. Formulation NF11 showed most sustained drug release. It was observed that NF5, NF6, NF9, NF11 and NF12 formulations followed the zero order or near zero order drug release, suggesting drug release in a controlled manner. Results of sterility test confirmed that an optimized formulation was sterile. Formulation NF11 was selected best formula based on release rate and other evaluation parameters....
The study was aimed to prolong gastric residencetimeandimprovebioavailability of model drug, Rosuvastatin calcium by developing gastroretentive floating drug delivery systems, particularly effervescent floating tablets.Effervescent floating drug delivery tablets were prepared by direct compression method. A three-factor, three levels Box-Behnken design was adopted for the optimization. The selected independent variables were amount of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose K100M (X1), sodium carboxy methylcellulose (X2) and guar gum (X3). The dependent variables were floating lag time (YFLT), cumulative percentage of rosuvastatin calcium released at 6th h (Y6) and cumulative percentage of rosuvastatin calciumreleased at 12th h (Y12). Physical properties, % drug content, in vitrobuoyancy study and % drug release behavior were assessed. Optimum formulation R10 showed floating lag time of 22 s, floated for more than 12 h and released the drug of 98.23�±0.92% in sustained manner. Stability studies revealed that no significant changein In vitro floating lag time, total floating time, % drug content and drug release behavior before and after storage. The effervescent-based floating drug delivery isa promising approach to improve oral bioavailability by using a combination of synthetic and natural swellable polymers. Shorter floating lag time and drug release in a sustained manner was achieved by using Box-Behnken design....
Improvement of bio-availability of poorly water soluble drugs presents one of the furthermost challenges in drug formulations. One of the most admired and commercially viable formulation approaches for this challenge is self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). Hence aim of present study was to develop SMEDDS of poorly water soluble drug nimesulide by using oils: triacetin, surfactant: tween 20 and co-surfactant: iso propyl alcohol (IPA). For formulation of stable SMEDDS, micro emulsion region was identified by constructing pseudo ternary phase diagram containing different proportion of surfactant: co-surfactant, oil and water. Prepared SMEDDS was evaluated for flow properties, drug content, viscosity, pH and in-vitro dissolution study. Results showed that prepared SMEDDS passed all evaluation tests. Globule size was found to be 240 nm with polydispersity index 0.396. SMEDDS showed good flow property and drug content. From the experiment, it was clear that even after conversion of the liquid SMEDDS into the solid one there was no significant alteration in the properties of solid SMEDDS. In-vitro dissolution studies showed that there was enhancement of dissolution rate of nimesulide as compared with that of plain drug from the results it is concluded that SMEDDS is a promising approach to enhance dissolution rate of poorly water soluble model drug nimesulide...
The objective of present study is to develop the Immediate releasetablet of an antihypertensive drug,Olmesartan medoxomil. Immediate Releasetablets of Olmesartan medoxomil drug were prepared by using four different superdisintegrants like Cross carmellose sodium, Sodium starch glycolate and Crospovidone. The method of tablet preparation is direct compression method and evaluated for physicochemical evaluation parameter such as hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content uniformity, water absorption ratio, wetting time, invitrodisintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies.In the present study, it was proved that the formulations containing Crospovidone have shown good in-vitro results compared to other formulations. However the formulations containing 8 % w/w concentration of any superdisintegrants have shown better optimum results, hence selected as best formulations in this study.Formulation F8 has shown excellent results in water absorption ratio.Hence F8 batch containing 8% cross povidone was found to be an optimized batch....
Matrix tablets are one of the main dosage forms that help to achieve sustainable release of drugs. In relationship with it this review contains a detail classification based on types of retardants used, porosity of matrix tablet and preferential mechanism of drug release viz., dissolution controlled, diffusion controlled and erosion controlled. Methods of matrix tablets have been incorporated covering wet granulation, dry granulation and sintering. Mathematical models of drug release from matrix systems have been presented. Various factors affecting release of drug related with polymer and drug itself are mentioned briefly....
Mouth dissolving tablets are most preferred formulations used in the pharmaceutical field. To improve patient�s compliance scientists have always being working towards the production of new drug delivery systems. From the various existing drug delivery systems mouth dissolving drug delivery systems have been proved most effective in overcoming previously encountered administration problems. Mouth dissolving drug delivery system was first developed in the late 1970s as an alternative to capsule, tablet & syrups. MDTs are unit solid dosage form which disintegrates rapidly in the saliva generally in less than 60 seconds when placed on the tongue provide fast onset of action. In elderly patients suffering from dysphagia and hand tremors mouth dissolving tablets are first line treatment drugs. Talking of various problems like difficulty in swallowing and age related problems mouth dissolving tablets have been formulated for paediatrics, geriatric, and bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and travelling and may not have access to water. Some patented technologies like orasolv, durasolv, wowtab, flashtab, zydis, oraquick, advatab, quickdisc, and nanomelt have be introduced by some pharmaceutical companies for the production of MDTs. The aim of this review article is to compile the developments in the field of new MDTs technologies, stability of drug candidate and future prospects. \r\nKeywords: Oral drug delivery system, mouth dissolving tablets, superdisintegrants...
Nanococrystals approach main focus includes improving the solubility, bioavailability and payload capacity of drugs\r\nand to decrease the toxic effects of drugs. Stable nanosized cocrystals formation using various preparation approaches such as\r\nsonochemical synthesis and wet milling method seems a good alternative for amorphous systems to increase the solubility and\r\nobtain a fast drug release of drugs. Experts are of the opinion that this emerging field of nanosized co-crystal formation offers\r\nremarkable scope for controlled modification of key pharmaceutical properties of drugs...
Nanotechnology is a broad field which involves variety of applications including drug delivery, diagnostics etc. In recent years there has been increasing interest in the drug delivery for reducing the dose and targeting the drug to the site of action. This leads to development of novel systems like nano drug delivery systems. In these systems, nanoparticles hold special features like controlled / targeted drug delivery and reduced side effects. This review article throws light on advantages, method of preparation, characterization and applications of nanoparticles....
One of the most potential routes of the systemic drug delivery system is transdermal route with the advantage of avoidance of first pass effect, ease of application and removal and better patient compliance. Stratum corneum is one of the layers of skin which possess formidable barrier to drug penetration and thereby causing problems of bioavailability of drug. Ethosomes, a non-invasive delivery carrier system recognized as ethanolic phospholipid vesicles as it mainly consist of high concentration of ethanol and phospholipids. Ethosomes are the best alternative to liposomes and transferosomes as ethanol overcome the problem of entering to stratum corneum by increasing penetration rate. The purpose of writing this review on ethosomes drug delivery was to study different patents and to study how ethosomes actually works, what is the mechanism of penetration and how it can be used as an alternative, along with its method of preparation and their evaluation. Characterization of ethosomes include entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, shape, diffusion studies, and zeta potential and stability studies....
Ophthalmic drug delivery is quite important for treating disorders in posterior segment of eye such as retina, vitreous humor and optic nerve etc. The available topical applications like ophthalmic solutions, suspensions and ointments are primitive level of curing ocular diseases. Because of membrane barriers it is quite difficult to reach therapeutic drug concentrations in the posterior segments of the eye after administration of topical form of drug. To overcome these difficulties, novel ophthalmic formulations can be developed that specifically target posterior segment of the eye such in-situ gel, nanoparticle, liposome, nanosuspension, microemulsion, intophoresis and ocular inserts were developed in the last three decades which enhanced the bioavailability and corneal permeability of the drug as comparing to ophthalmic solutions and suspensions in a sustained and controlled release manner. This review article aims to deliver the various restraints of conventional ocular therapy and described various novel approaches to improve bioavailability of ocular drugs and advantages of vesicular approaches over the conventional forms along with the future challenges....
Spray formulation of clonidine HCl minimize the limitation of conventional oral and transdermal preparation like gastric irritation, first pass metabolism, and skin redness or skin irritation of transdermal patch system. Clonidine HCl is an active ingredient of the invention which has been used from many years as an antihypertensive agent in treatment of long term hypertension. The aim of the study is preliminary investigation of the the metered spray. In screening work, Concentration of penetration enhancers (octyl salicylate and tulsi oil), drug concentration were selected. And study indicates that octyl salicylate is better penetration enhancer and at higher drug concentration diffusion of drug is higher. By using central composite design 13 formulation were prepared and filled in aerosol contairs with propellant and primarily investigated for different evaluation tests....
The objective of this study was to summarize the preparation and application of water-in-oil-in-water type multiple emulsions (w/o/w emulsions) entrapping Risedronate sodium. Formulations of the emulsions (the composition of an oily phase or the type and concentrations of surfactants) and emulsification method or conditions (rotation rates and operation times) were evaluated in order to prepare stable w/o/w emulsions. The pharmaceutical properties of the w/o/w emulsions ââ?¬â? particle sizes, viscosity, phase separation and drug entrapment efficiency were measured and evaluated. We prepared stable w/o/w emulsions with a particle size of about 2 micron and an entrapment efficiency of Risedronate sodium of about 70%. When these emulsions were investigated for permeability studies enhanced permeation was observed to that of Risedronate sodium solution alone. The results of this study showed the potential of the w/o/w emulsions for several clinical applications as one of the drug delivery systems....
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